The Historical Value of Speeches in Thucydides

The historical lever of speeches in Thucydides In writing his history as a whole, it is fair to say that Thucydides has continuously been praised for his relative historical accuracy, be that due to his actual presence at events, his use of eyewitness testimony or his noted checking of facts. In style Thucydides unbroken his narrative sections rather impersonal thereby allowing the story to unfold itself.However, to then lay b atomic number 18 what stood behind the narrative, the moral possibilities, the mistakes, the fears and the motives, the device he used was the speech, a mechanism he employed with supreme mastery. Perhaps the best way to begin to answer the question in hand, we should examine the definition Thucydides himself gives us in his statement of methodology for his speeches that appears in 1. 22. 1. of his History of the Peloponnesian War. In this history I founder make use of set speeches some of which were delivered just beforehand and others during the war.I ha ve found it difficult to remember the precise words used in the speeches which I listened to myself and my various in take shapeants have experienced the same trouble so my method has been while keeping as closely as possible to the general sense of the words that were actually used, to make the speakers say what, in my opinion, was called for by each situation It is not unreasonable to construe that at face value this statement is not at all a hoop endorsement for historical accuracy.This idea is taken up by Plant who correctly states that there is a lack of correlation between the first and instant parts of the statement. He continues that it has long been debated whether the historian claimed and/or attempted to present verbatim accounts of the arguments put forward by the speakers on each occasion as best he could, or whether he felt free to modify or to invent particular arguments or even whole speeches. And the controversy has been fuelled by what has been widely regarded as the ambiguity of the second of the two parts of Thucydides famous statement of aims and methods in 1. 2. 1. The accepted ambiguity of 1. 22. 1, moreover, has provided such scholars with what they consider to be ancient evidence with which they might successfully call into question the objectivity of Thucydides as a scientific historian, and with which they might thereby persuasively promote the view of him as either an impassioned (outraged) moralist or a tendentious manipulator of his readers sympathies. * It is clear therefore, that in the speeches what we encounter is in some sense Thucydides bear voice.In terms of ultimate historical value, however, the thorny question has always been is it Thucydides view of what the speakers really meant, or his judgment of what they should have meant? To return to his initial statement for a moment, it is interesting to note that Thucydides seems to be making a virtue of the fact that he is not reporting verbatim. We must remember that in the times in which Thucydides was writing rhetoric was an everyday part of the society in which he lived and long speeches in literary whole shebang were commonplace.The contemporary readers of Thucydides were men habituated to a polite life in which public speech played an all important part. To a Greek of that age a written history of political events would have seemed strangely insipid if speech in the first person had been absent from it especially if it did not offer some mirror of those debates which were inseparably associated with the central interests and the determinative moments of political life.On a further point of contemporary style and verbal accuracy, Cole argues that the complexity, compression, and frankness of the arguments in the speeches in Thucydides mean that they cannot have been made in the form he gives us on the occasions when he claims they were made. * Whether or not we accept Coles thesis, or a modification thereof, we must passive accept the stron g influence of contemporary rhetoric on Thucydides. In any event, Thucydides Thomas F. Garritys article on Thucydides 1. 22. 1 Content and underframe in the Speeches, (autumn 1998), The American Journal of Philology *T. Cole, The Origins of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece (Baltimore, 1991) speeches are vital highpoints in his operation and not only for the structure and form of the arguments they explore. They appear at great moments of decision and turning points and their dramatic impact is useful to Thucydides as an instrument of style.We therefore may have to accept that they are more great rhetorical set pieces rather than paragons of historical accuracy However, although the exact accuracy of the words spoken in the speeches produced by Thucydides in these works cannot be verified thereby inevitably devaluing their historical value, it can be said that the style and method of the speeches and debates that Thucydides includes in his work do provide us with an almost unwitting test imony of other facts which do have great significance and value for the historian.For example the Mytilenian debate between Cleon and Diodotus shows us how decisions were made, the grounds on which they were made, and the psychology used by the persuaders. In addition, it provides us with an insight into the considerations about the behavior of an imperial power at war, its relationship with the democrats among the allies and its attention to long-run finance. So by dramatizing a conflict between two orators, Thucydides records for us the interplay of various contemporary problems concerning the exercise of power and the conduct of war.The conclusion is that the speeches are not what we should call historical reporting in the same sense as the narrative. However there is no doubt that the impact of their presence in the work is very powerful. The reader is quite carried away in the midst of these marvelous orations to a point where, not only does he feel that he has seen the Pelopo nnesian War from the inside, but he is certain that he knows exactly what the issues were and why things happened as they did.The overall conclusion, therefore, must be that we cannot quantify the exact historical value of the speeches in Thucydides work as we can never be sure of their complete verbal accuracy. However, there is no denying that the speeches may be taken as a paradigm for a better understanding of his historiographical project in general and that there is a lasting satisfaction to be obtained from reading Thucydides speeches for their own sake as a direct and vivid aesthetic experience. Bibliography Connor W. Robert, Thucydides (1984) pages 146-158, http//www. umanitiesebook. org Garrity Thomas F. , Thucydides 1. 22. 1Content and Form in the Speeches The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 119, No. 3 (Autumn 1998), pp. 361-384. JSTOR http//www. jstor. org/stable/156676 Plant Ian M. The Influence of Forensic Otatory on Thucydides Principles of Method Theh Classic Qua rterly, New Series, Vol. 49, No. 1 (1999), pp. 62-73. JSTOR http//jstor. org/stable/639489 Thucydides, History of The Peloponnesian War (1954), Trans. Rex Warner, Penguin Classics (London)